Bone and Joint Health: Strong Foundations for Every Stage of Life

Natalie Rouse

Natalie Rouse

Registered Nutritionist (ANutr) BSc MRes MSc

Bone and Joint Health: Strong Foundations for Every Stage of Life

Add to your routine

Multivitamins with Collagen
Multivitamins with Collagen
27 key nutrients to support women’s wellbeing.
From £11.99
Marine Liquid Collagen
Marine Liquid Collagen
For healthy hair, skin & nails.
From £23.99
Vegan Protein Blend
Vegan Protein Blend
A science-backed blend of protein, vitamins & minerals.
From £19.99
4-in-1 Magnesium + Turmeric
4-in-1 Magnesium + Turmeric
Sleep's best kept secret.
From £9.99
Bone and Joint Health: Strong Foundations for Every Stage of Life

Introduction

Bone and joint health form the structural and functional core of lifelong mobility, physical independence, and overall quality of life. Yet, they are often overlooked until significant loss or dysfunction occurs. For women in particular, the interplay between hormones, nutrition, and physical activity makes skeletal health especially vulnerable across the life course, from adolescence through post-menopause.


Bones are dynamic, living tissue that constantly undergo a process of remodelling where old bone is broken down (resorption) and replaced with new tissue (formation). However, this balance shifts unfavourably with age, hormonal changes, and lifestyle factors. By the time symptoms such as joint stiffness or poor flexibility emerge, significant underlying deterioration may already be underway.


Why Women Need to Prioritise Bone and Joint Health Early

Peak bone mass (an individual’s maximum bone strength and density) is typically achieved by the late 20s. After this point, bone breakdown gradually begins to exceed formation, making the early adult years a critical period for optimising skeletal health. For women, this is especially important due to the protective role of oestrogen in bone remodelling. Oestrogen suppresses bone resorption and promotes collagen production, essential for both bone density and joint integrity.


During perimenopause and menopause, oestrogen levels decline sharply, accelerating bone loss. Women can lose up to 20% of their bone mass within five to seven years of menopause, significantly increasing their risk of osteopenia, osteoporosis, and fragility fractures (Compston et al., 2019). Around 80% of those affected by osteoporosis are women (IOF, 2021). Joints, too, become more susceptible to degeneration as collagen synthesis slows and inflammation rises, impacting flexibility and mobility.


However, the risk trajectory for these conditions begins far earlier than most realise. Nutrition, exercise, and energy availability during adolescence and young adulthood directly shape skeletal resilience later in life. Restrictive diets, low calcium or vitamin D intake, sedentary habits, and chronic stress all impair bone accrual. For younger women, disordered eating patterns or overtraining can disrupt menstrual function and oestrogen production, mimicking menopausal effects on the bones and joints (Mountjoy et al., 2014).


Building Resilience Through Nutrition and Movement

Optimal skeletal health depends on a synergy of nutrients and movement. UK recommendations advise a daily calcium intake of 700–1200 mg depending on age, and a minimum of 10 µg (400 IU) of vitamin D, particularly important in months with low sunlight exposure. Magnesium, vitamin K2, protein, and omega-3 fatty acids also play key roles in maintaining bone mineral density, collagen synthesis, and reducing inflammation around joints.


Physical activity is equally critical. Weight-bearing and resistance training exercises stimulate bone formation and help maintain muscle mass, which supports joints and reduces the risk of falls. Flexibility and mobility practices such as yoga, Pilates, and dynamic stretching not only improve joint range of motion and proprioception but also support postural alignment and recovery. As women age, these practices become vital for maintaining independence and preventing joint deterioration.


Recovery practices, such as sleep, stress management, and soft tissue care should not be underestimated. Chronic sleep deprivation and unmanaged stress elevate cortisol levels, which can accelerate bone resorption and impair connective tissue repair. Structured recovery also helps prevent overuse injuries and preserves joint function over time.


A Lifelong Approach to Bone and Joint Health

It’s never too early, or too late to begin caring for your bones and joints. Prevention during youth builds stronger foundations, while targeted interventions in adulthood and beyond can slow degeneration, enhance recovery, and preserve mobility.


Across the life stages, consistent attention to dietary quality, physical activity, recovery, and screening can dramatically alter the trajectory of musculoskeletal ageing. Whether you’re an active young adult, approaching midlife changes, or navigating post-menopausal transitions, investing in bone and joint health is essential for maintaining the freedom to move well, age well, and live well.


What Is Bone Density and When Should You Check It?

Bone density is a measure of the strength and mineral content of bones, most commonly assessed using DEXA scans. It’s advisable for women to consider a bone density test:


  • If there's a family history of osteoporosis
  • If they have had frequent fractures
  • If entering perimenopause (often around age 40+)
  • If following restrictive diets or underweight (BMI < 18.5)
  • If diagnosed with conditions like coeliac disease, PCOS, or amenorrhoea

What Our Nutritionist Recommends

Key Nutrients for Bone & Joint Health

  • Calcium: 1000–1200 mg/day from food and supplements
  • Vitamin D3: 1000–2000 IU daily for absorption and hormone regulation
  • Magnesium: 320 mg/day to support calcium balance and muscle function
  • Vitamin K2: Directs calcium to bones, not arteries
  • Collagen peptides: May improve bone mineral density and joint cartilage (König et al., 2018)
  • Boron: Supports hormone levels and mineral metabolism
  • Isoflavones (soy, flax): Help preserve bone during oestrogen loss

Lifestyle Essentials

  • Resistance and weight-bearing exercise: e.g., squats, walking, resistance bands
  • Mobility and stretching e.g., yoga, swimming, Pilates
  • Limit alcohol and smoking: Both are major bone risk factors
  • Get sunlight exposure: 10–15 minutes daily for vitamin D production

Recommendations from Nutritionists

  • Free Soul Female Multivitamin with Collagen: Helps maintain bone mineralisation and calcium absorption.
  • Free Soul Marine Collagen (with Hyaluronic Acid & Vitamin C): Collagen supports joint tissue, cartilage integrity, and skin elasticity. Vitamin C boosts natural collagen synthesis.
  • Free Soul Vegan Protein Blend (with added vitamins & minerals): Provides plant-based protein to support muscle around joints, plus added nutrients like magnesium and calcium for bone health.
  • Free Soul 4-in-1 Magnesium + Turmeric: Magnesium is essential for calcium absorption and bone mineralisation.

Bone Health Across the Life Stages

This life stage is a critical window for developing strong, healthy bones that will serve as the foundation for skeletal integrity later in life. During this period, individuals achieve their peak bone mass, which refers to the maximum strength and density that bones attain. Evidence from the British Nutrition Foundation and other UK health authorities suggests that up to 90% of peak bone mass is accrued by age 20, with consolidation continuing into the mid-20s. Maximising bone mass during this time significantly reduces the risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis in older age.

Key nutrients during this period include calcium, vitamin D, and protein. The SACN recommends 700 to 1000 mg of calcium daily for adults in this age group. Excellent sources include dairy products, fortified plant-based drinks, green vegetables such as kale and broccoli, and fish with edible bones like sardines. Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption. The current UK Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI) is 10 micrograms per day (400 IU), with supplementation advised from October through March due to limited sunlight exposure. Protein supports the organic matrix of bone and helps with muscle development, which contributes to skeletal stability.

Physical activity is equally essential. Weight-bearing and resistance exercises, such as sprinting, skipping, gymnastics, and weight training stimulate osteoblast activity and bone deposition. High-impact movements have been shown to improve bone density in the hip and spine, which are common sites of fracture in older adults. It is also important to maintain a balanced energy intake. Low energy availability, especially among young women who engage in excessive training or restrictive eating, can impair hormone function and bone accrual.

By the mid-20s, peak bone mass has been established, shifting the focus to maintaining skeletal strength and preventing premature bone loss. At this stage, lifestyle factors such as diet, physical activity, and substance use play an increasingly important role in bone maintenance.

Calcium and vitamin D requirements remain similar to those in the early 20s, though attention should also be given to nutrients such as magnesium, vitamin K2, and omega-3 fatty acids. Magnesium is vital for bone mineralisation and is found in whole grains, nuts, and leafy greens. Vitamin K2 supports the regulation of calcium in bone tissue and can be sourced from fermented foods like natto or certain cheeses. Omega-3 fatty acids, abundant in oily fish such as mackerel and salmon, help modulate inflammation that may affect both bones and joints.

Physical activity should continue to include resistance and aerobic training. Strength training helps preserve muscle mass and maintain bone density, while aerobic activities improve circulation and joint mobility. Regular stretching and mobility work can also benefit joint function. Lifestyle modifications are increasingly important: excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, and frequent intake of nutrient poor, high sugar and fat foods, may impair nutrient absorption and bone integrity.

Psychosocial stressors such as career pressure or family planning can influence hormonal balance and health behaviours. Ensuring consistent nutrient intake and physical activity during this period helps buffer against these stress-related risks to bone health.

As individuals move into their early 30s, subtle physiological changes begin to occur in bone metabolism. Although bone mass remains relatively stable, remodelling processes gradually begin to favour resorption (breakdown) over formation. This stage may mark the first signs of musculoskeletal change, such as mild joint stiffness, reduced flexibility, or delayed recovery from exercise.

Continued attention to calcium and vitamin D intake remains critical. Additionally, emerging research supports the benefits of supplemental collagen peptides and micronutrients such as boron for maintaining connective tissue health. Collagen supports the structural protein matrix of bone and joint cartilage, while boron is involved in the metabolism of calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D.

Physical activity should include weight-bearing exercise and mobility-focused disciplines such as Pilates and yoga, which support joint alignment, muscular balance, and proprioception. Consistent participation in these activities can reduce joint strain and enhance flexibility.

Lifestyle habits that protect joint and bone integrity, including adequate sleep, stress management, and limiting inflammatory foods are increasingly relevant as subtle degeneration may begin at the cellular level. Monitoring for early signs of joint discomfort can facilitate early interventions and reduce long-term risk of osteoarthritis or bone density loss.

This life stage often coincides with the onset of perimenopause in women, characterised by fluctuating oestrogen levels. Oestrogen is integral to bone remodelling, and its decline accelerates bone resorption. This period also affects joint integrity, due to reduced collagen synthesis and increased systemic inflammation.

Nutritional strategies during this stage should include increased calcium intake (1000 to 1200 mg/day) and continued vitamin D supplementation. Magnesium remains essential, as it contributes to bone density and muscular function. Phytoestrogens, such as soy isoflavones and lignans from flaxseed, may provide mild oestrogenic effects and help attenuate bone loss.

Omega-3 fatty acids and polyphenols like curcumin offer anti-inflammatory benefits that support joint comfort and reduce stiffness. These can be incorporated through diet or supplements, under professional guidance. Resistance training continues to be paramount, as it counters muscle and bone mass loss and improves joint stabilisation. Balance and coordination exercises are also recommended to reduce fall risk.

Early bone density screening may be considered in individuals with a family history of osteoporosis or other risk factors. Maintaining consistent physical activity and nutrient intake can significantly mitigate the onset of menopausal bone decline.

The menopausal transition results in a steep decline in oestrogen, leading to rapid bone loss, particularly in the first five years post-menopause. Women can lose 2–3% of bone mass annually during this time. The spine, hip, and wrist are most vulnerable to osteoporotic fractures.

Calcium intake should be increased to 1200 mg/day, especially for those not meeting needs through diet alone. Vitamin D supplementation of at least 10 micrograms daily remains standard, with higher doses considered under medical supervision. Protein requirements also rise to 1.0–1.2 grams per kilogram of body weight per day to support muscle mass and bone matrix.

Resistance training is essential to counteract sarcopenia and bone loss. High-impact and power-based movements, when appropriate, stimulate osteogenesis. Balance training (e.g., tai chi) reduces fall risk and preserves functional independence.

Nutritional support may also include vitamin K2 and phytoestrogens to regulate calcium metabolism and improve bone quality. Joint health can be maintained through adequate hydration, consumption of omega-3 fatty acids, and targeted supplementation when indicated.

Scans are advised for women over 50 with risk factors or symptoms of bone fragility. Early identification and intervention are critical to prevent fractures and maintain quality of life.

As we age, bone density continues to decline, and joint structures become more susceptible to degenerative changes. Osteoporosis and osteoarthritis are common, often co-occurring and contributing to frailty, loss of mobility, and reduced independence.

Nutritional strategies should focus on ensuring adequate intake of calcium (1000–1200 mg/day) and vitamin D (minimum of 10 micrograms/day), with protein maintained at 1.0–1.2 grams/kg/day or higher depending on health status. Foods rich in vitamin C, zinc, and collagen precursors support connective tissue repair and maintenance.

Exercise remains essential but may need modification. Low-impact resistance training, aquatic therapy, walking, and structured balance programmes help preserve musculoskeletal integrity. Regular activity reduces the risk of falls, improves mood and cognition, and supports joint flexibility.

A nutrient-dense, anti-inflammatory diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats provides the antioxidants and micronutrients needed to counteract age-related oxidative stress. Avoiding smoking, limiting alcohol, and ensuring regular health checks are key components of long-term musculoskeletal care.

Bone density screening, pharmacological interventions (if indicated), and multidisciplinary support (physiotherapy, dietetics, endocrinology) may be necessary for individuals at elevated risk. A proactive approach across all dimensions—nutrition, exercise, and clinical monitoring—offers the greatest opportunity for preserving bone and joint health into later life.

Conclusion

Bone and joint health is not an isolated concern for later life it is a dynamic, lifelong continuum that requires early investment, midlife adaptation, and proactive management into older age. For women in particular, hormonal changes across the lifespan from adolescence to post-menopause present unique challenges that demand tailored nutritional, physical, and lifestyle strategies.

From building peak bone mass in early adulthood through to preserving flexibility, joint integrity, and skeletal strength in later years, consistent attention to bone and joint health plays a foundational role in maintaining mobility, reducing injury risk, and enhancing quality of life.

A strategic focus on adequate calcium, vitamin D, protein, and joint-supportive nutrients, alongside appropriate exercise including resistance training, weight-bearing activity, and flexibility-focused movement provides the essential tools for maintaining musculoskeletal resilience. Early intervention and lifelong care not only reduce the risk of conditions such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis but also support independence and vitality well into older age.

Ultimately, strong bones and healthy joints are not built in response to age, they are built across it. Empowering women with science-led guidance and stage-appropriate action ensures that musculoskeletal health becomes a lifelong asset, not a late-life concern.

At Free Soul, your well-being is our priority, and although we pride ourselves on our expertise in women's health and wellbeing, it is important to acknowledge the individuality of each person. Features published by Free Soul are not intended to treat, diagnose, cure or prevent any disease, or replace the advice of your GP. We always recommend consulting with a healthcare provider if you encounter any health concerns, and we’ll always be here to support you so you’re never alone on your journey.


References

·   Compston, J., McClung, M., & Leslie, W. D. (2019). Osteoporosis. The Lancet , 393(10169), 364–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32112-3

·   Henrotin, Y., Lambert, C., Couchourel, D., Ripoll, C., & Chiotelli, E. (2013). Nutraceuticals: Do they represent a new era in the management of osteoarthritis? A narrative review from the lessons taken with five products. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 19 (1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2010.10.017

·   International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF). (2021). Facts and statistics. https://www.osteoporosis.foundation/facts-statistics

·   König, D., Oesser, S., Scharla, S., Zdzieblik, D., & Gollhofer, A. (2018). Specific collagen peptides improve bone mineral density and bone markers in postmenopausal women—a randomized controlled study. Nutrients, 10 (1), 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010097

·   Lephart, E. D. (2015). A review of the role of phytoestrogens in ageing and age-related diseases. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 20 (4), 285–291. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587215593346

·   Mountjoy, M., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Burke, L., et al. (2014). The IOC consensus statement: Beyond the Female Athlete Triad—Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48 (7), 491–497. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093502

·   National Institutes of Health (NIH). (2018). Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. NIH Consensus Statement , 17(1), 1–45.

·   Rossi, M., Natale, V., & Teti, E. (2020). The role of vitamin K2 in bone health: A review. Nutrients, 12 (11), 3483. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113483

·   Walrand, S., Boirie, Y., Gachon, P., et al. (2011). Protein intake and bone health across the life course. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 14 (6), 693–699. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e32834b4b9f

·   Weitzmann, M. N., & Pacifici, R. (2005). Estrogen deficiency and bone loss: An inflammatory tale. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 115 (5), 1186–1194. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI24541

·   Zhu, Y., Xian, H., Long, C., et al. (2021). Association between ultra-processed food consumption and bone mineral density in US adults. Nutrients, 13 (11), 3992. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113992